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A signal is a stream of information in the form of a varying quantity. Usually in electronics, signals can be in the form of voltages, currents, or radiated electromagnetic fields.

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I have a vehicle with generator style speed signal generator and its output is linear from 0 -30VAC. This signal is used by the Dash mounted speedo without any issue. I now have a mandated requirement ...
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The book by B.P. Lathi mentions this excerpt: If nyquist rate suggests that the sampling rate should be atleast 2B Hz, shouldn’t the transmission rate be a minimum of 2B independent informations per ...
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I'm pretty new to oscilloscopes so I apologize in advance. I'm experiencing significant signal distortion on the rotary encoder output from a linear actuator and this is what the oscilloscope is ...
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I want to send ARINC 429 message to line receiver HI-8588. I use OWON DGE2035 as generator and Hantek 2042 as oscilloscope. CH1 sends original 32 bits message and CH2 sends same message inverted. Wave ...
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I'm working on a compact PCB for a preamp circuit using NE5532 op-amps. Due to space constraints, I’m considering routing an audio signal trace on the bottom layer of the PCB, directly underneath the ...
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I am trying to reconstruct a signal that has missing samples using the methods proved in the title paper. The paper is readily available (https://web.stanford.edu/dept/statistics/cgi-bin/donoho/wp-...
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I'm designing a PCB for a microphone preamp with a balanced input. The signal is amplified by around +30 dB and then converted to unbalanced at the output. This is my first time designing a PCB for a ...
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I'm currently designing a signal conditioning circuit for a piezoelectric sensor, and am using an INA849 for the first stage of amplification. Currently, I'm only using a function generator and a ...
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I'm a junior EE working on an avionics system for a model rocket. I'm trying to implement telemetry. The telemetry should send flight data (IMU, power, etc.) along with GPS location data, to the ...
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In 7 Series FPGAs Configuration (UG470), Xilinx says, DOUT is the data output for a serial configuration daisy-chain. DOUT is clocked out on the falling edge of CCLK. What does it mean by 'clocked ...
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I am trying to demodulate an analog video signal of PAL format and encountered a problem in demodulating the color part. So my input data is as follows: I have 2500 spectra, spectrum width 200 MHz, my ...
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I want to measure the output power of signal from amplifier because I want to verify the signal amplification and distortion. How can I do so? For information, it is a 2.4 GHz sunhans amplifier. I am ...
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Below shows the phase shifting network I designed for a FM detector. The goal is to create a 90° phase shift between the input and OUT1 at the centre frequency 10.7MHz. This circuit drives the bottom ...
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I'm a mechanical engineer with some light knowledge of electronics. I might not understand immediately, but whatever knowledge you provide I'm sure with enough hours of googling I'll be able to figure ...
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I have a problem understanding RF amplifiers. The first document below describe the link between voltage in a 50 Ω system and the RF power circulating through it. I have on the other hand an amplifier,...
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Long Term Evolution (LTE): What is the total transmit power of an iPhone (cellular) in general while using LTE or also 5G? If it is similar to WiFi's TX power (around 20dBm) how do the signals from ...
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I am really struggling to understand intuitively what is happening in single vs double sideband. My textbook has provided some diagrams but extremely lackluster explanations, and was hoping someone ...
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In the context of using quartz crystals as passive RF filters, schematics always tend to use them in series with a load, such as a crystal ladder. The electrical equivalent of a crystal looks like a ...
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This is a general inquiry regarding differential signaling in common high-speed interfaces. Specifically, I have observed that Ethernet PHYs and USB hub ICs often include features such as polarity ...
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Can I convert a +-6V square wave to a 0 to +12 one (at audio rates) without adding a bypass capacitor?A 10uF capacitor kind of messes (skews) the waveform at low Hz rates so ideally I would like to ...
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I've been trying to probe the pins of this toner cartridge chip with my oscilloscope to gain an insight on the serial communication protocol by soldering some thin cables onto the pads so I could ...
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Can someone simply prove the above statement. I am at a complete loss. I am told that even harmonics are not found in functions with half-wave symmetry. Yet, why do functions like cosine(2t) and ...
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\$\sin(100nt)\$ ; the two-way frequency spectrum of the sinusodial sign is as follows in the graph, so far I think everything is correct. But, for \$j \cdot \sin (100nt) \$: I doubt and am not sure ...
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I'm from computer science background and was reading NRZ encoding/decoding in my networking book (by sir Larry L. Peterson) which left me halfway with just small summary. Digging little deeper online ...
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I am currently trying to rework a circuit I have to make it more efficient/ correct. Here is the objective, I have a sensor that is ground activated in an internal computer circuit. It is open util it ...
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Reducing this to one answerable question. The rest can be answered in other questions. I wish to "power-up" the equipment shown in the photos (some details below). How can I do this while ...
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I have 2 clock banks that will need to be distributed to 64 connections. FPGA Clock Bank -> termination resistors -> 1-to-4 buffer -> termination resistors -> 1-to-8 buffer 2 x 4 x 8 = 64 ...
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I was reading about the different types of signals and how to represent them digitally. I understood the following: Most signals in the world are analog and in order to study them, filter them, or ...
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I have a system with programmable discriminators where I need to produce random discrimination events with an average rate between 5 and 20 kHz (doesn't need an exact value, anything inside that range ...
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I am designing a PCB that uses an USB Type-C that is configured to work at full speed USB 2.0. I am not sure how am I supposed to route the D+ and D- pins of the differential pair. Could I just route ...
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I was going through Signal integrity topics and understood 2 types of signals. An Electrically long signal is a signal whose rise time is very much less than the total time delay taken from travelling ...
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This is a water pump in a cooling loop. The input signal is a PWM input and output(fg) is a time based output. I have attached the signal descriptions and images from the manufacturer. I can't ...
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I am looking to make sure my understanding of the ack signal is correct for the SSD1306 Based on some previous questions, I have changed the signal I am sending out ...
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This is an example from Oppenheim's Signals and Systems book, the example continues but i couldn't understand how we found 5/8 for E as book suggests. I tried to apply the formula but i obtained a ...
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I have a tang-nano-9k which has a 27MHz system clock. The only logic analyzer I have is a generic 24MHz copycat. I want to ...
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I am solving a problem related to putting a periodic, non-sinusoidal C-T signal x(t) through an RC low pass filter. I am given the signal graphically, and am provided its period and amplitude. I am ...
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I'm trying to better understand the differences between analog, digital, continuous, and discrete signals in the context of signal processing. Here's what I've gathered so far, but I’d like some ...
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I am kinda building a signal generator with the help of a 555 timer IC. The purpose of this circuit is to produce square, sinusoidal, and triangular waves with an adjustable voltage range of 0-1V and ...
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I'm given the following system \$H\$ $$y(t)=\exp\left(-\intop_{-\infty}^{\infty}x(\tau)\cdot e^{-|t-\tau|}d\tau\right)$$ I proved it's TI (time-invariant) and that it's not linear. Now we take as ...
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I'm trying to develop a circuit that can generate a pulse signal that meets the following requirements. The power supply is 3V. The output voltage of the signal must be adjustable from 12 to 60V. The ...
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I would like to better understand how electrical signals within biological tissues are measured using simple wires. On one end, the exposed wire tip is embedded within biological tissue (for example, ...
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I've written a very simple program for my ESP32: ...
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Can someone explain why they use the interval -T/2 to T/2 rather than simply 0 to T in the formula of determining signal power? they don't even bother to explain it. The screenshot is from the book &...
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So, I'm trying to interference three oscillated input of JKFF. Resulting this: Performing AND interference between hypothetic phase shift 45 degree and No phase shift resulting this new pulse-width ...
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I have an old Philips P2000 home computer, which outputs three signals: Hsync, Vsync and Video. Unfortunately, I do not have a monitor or screen that can take these as inputs, but I read online, that ...
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We have a working circuit that measures motor phase currents and passes it along to an MCU's internal ADC. This is the circuit: Notice that the output will be 'inverted' , so in software we invert it ...
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Main volume pot on an old Hitachi stereo amp from the 1990's / maybe early 2000's. Looks just like a normal 6 pin stereo (3 pin per channel) pot, marking says 200Kohms B (linear) taper - but has a 4th ...
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I am using a LMR51430(datasheet) buck converter to get +5V from a +12V battery. I followed the recommended layout from the datasheet, but the problem is this design doesn't specify how we should ...
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Phasor includes a real part as well as an imaginary part, in real domain the intuition is more clear, i.e we can use vectors instead to represent things, but to imagine a signal in a complex domain ...
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I've developed a four-channel signal conditioning circuit and fabricated it onto a PCB. However, I'm encountering an issue: when I connect it to a 24V supply and attempt to power it on, the power ...
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