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Voltage, otherwise known as electrical potential difference (denoted ∆V and measured in volts) is the difference in electric potential between two points (adapted from Wikipedia). Voltage can be constant (DC) or varying (AC).

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I’m trying to clearly understand the difference between cut-off frequency and resonant frequency in the context of LC circuits. When I look up the formulas, both frequencies seem to use the same ...
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In buck converters, control loop analysis involves injecting a small AC signal into the output feedback path to assess how the loop responds. This method helps evaluate the stability and dynamic ...
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Why does the passive sign convention even work? I'm trying to understand that why is that when we assume the voltage polarity randomly for a R at the start and then assume a positive current entering ...
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I have an alternator with three phases with no neutral. Can I use a star or wye connection on these wires to create a neutral? Voltage from any wire to the alternator body reads zero.
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I'm working with a simple RLC series circuit driven by a clean ±1.2 V sine wave generated from an ESP32 DAC and amplified through an MCP6002 op-amp. The analog waveform is confirmed to be stable and ...
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I'm using this current transformer to measure AC current in my application through a metering IC. This input from the secondary of the current transformer goes to a differential ADC in my metering IC. ...
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I have designed a circuit that we use in practice, and it works correctly in real life. we connect J2 to microcontroller to monitor the current in primary side. it is working so good in practice. I ...
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I have been looking for these SMDs' specifications but I couldn't find them anywhere. 633 GEG 946 GEG PJ943K BEG I have attached some pictures so it's easier to identify.
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I’m trying to understand the reasoning behind termination requirements in different differential signaling interfaces. For example, USB uses differential signaling (D+ and D–), but the standard does ...
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Summary: I am using an Arduino UNO. I am using a potentiometer connected from 5V Arduino supply to ground to provide a variable voltage on the pot wiper, which I input to an analog input on the UNO ...
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I'm designing an ESC for a quadcopter drone. For the half-bridge MOSFETs, I'm using the AGMSEMI AGM403AP, which has a maximum gate-source voltage rating of +-20V. The gate driver I plan to use is the ...
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I have two air-cooled voltage stabilizers, both rated for 90–300 VAC input and 15 Ampere output. However, one weighs approximately 5 kg (used for AC) and the other 30 kg bought recently for other ...
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In the circuit below, a switching signal (10 kHz) from V1, which has a differential voltage of 3.3 V, is isolated and fed into an op-amp configured as a differential amplifier. My question is: will ...
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I have the following that I would want somehow paired: A. methane (CH4) gas valve, Normally Open, activated with an impulse of 9V DC at around 1.5A (I measured coil resistance as 6 ohm). Tested with a ...
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I was trying to understand inrush current and soft start voltage specifications. I am designing a unit which gets power from another unit. If inrush current and/or voltage slew rate needs to get ...
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How do I calculate the V(ds) voltage loss which a MOSFET introduces into the load circuit given a specific load and V(gs) voltage? I assumed I could use the V(ds) vs. I(d) diagram for that, but I don'...
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I thought I should find the equation of the graph in order to draw the i(t) and p(t). However, I don't know how to find the equation of the V(t) - t (s) graph.
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I’m designing an ESC for a drone powered by a 4S LiPo battery(max 16.8 V). For the gate driver I chose the UCC27712-Q1, and for the MOSFETs I’m using the AGM403AP. According to the driver's datasheet, ...
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A real working driver is require to drive a capacitor voltage multiplier, using 5 x 74AC14 as gate rivers, 5V in, 12V out. Supply 5 Volts from 278R05. One section of the74AC14 is used as an ...
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This circuit is from BPS Space's Landing Model Rockets youtube series. It is the pyro channel circuit. The power supply is 12V. The terminal block connects to an e-match with a resistance of probably ...
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On this Digilent/Xilinx Spartan 3e 1600 FPGA board, they use 270 ohm resistors as current limiting resistors. In their guide they state: The PS/2 port on the MicroBlaze Development Kit board is ...
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While trying to use MC07XS6517 high-side switch from NXP, in the application section it talks about using a Vcc Clamp after the 5V LDO using a BJT and Zener diode. I have studied a couple of Zener ...
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I have created an AC-DC converter by using only linear elements on Falstad. My way of thinking is like this: Start with a (co)sine wave as input. We know that the (co)sine wave has a transfer function ...
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If we want a feedback of 1 what you do is take the output of opamp and you feed it back to the input with a straight wire just like this: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using ...
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I have been taught that elements in parallel will always receive the same voltage. That means that if I have a circuit with an ideal voltage source and two resistors in parallel, and regardless of ...
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There is a plan to do PDN decoupling simulation for the KSZ9897RTXI power rails. It has various power supply like 1.8V, 2.5V& 1.2V. While doing the simulation, what is the maximum frequency range ...
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[![ Hi, I attached the (1. Schematic & 2. Block diagram) for an OR-ing redundant power-supply controller. Inputs are: 12V-(a) → LM74700 12V-(b) → LM74700 AUX-BAT 12V-(c) → LM74800 On the load side ...
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V1 = 100sin(wt) and V2 = -200sin(wt). I am trying to understand FB and RB with ideal diodes better and analysie the voltage across D1 and R_L when (state 1) 0 < wt< pi and (state 2) pi < wt &...
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Total impedance of the RC circuit: For simplicity, I will assume that then and Otherwise I will represent this expression as Now I want to represent power in complex form But since then On the ...
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I am now trying to create a small wireless battery powered IoT solution based on an esp32 microcontroller. I am trying to measure some water depths at a private bridge and from there send the ...
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I was looking at a AM modulator circuit with a diode and I was dissatisfied with how during the amplitude modulation you produce unwanted frequencies(more specifically the carrier frequency) and as a ...
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I tried to make variable voltage regulator using LM317T IC. I constructed the above circuit with input of 12V DC supply. Since I currently don't get 240ohm for R1 (as recommended by datasheet), I used ...
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I am looking to build a buck-boost voltage converter. I came up with this schematic: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab Assuming that $$\frac{1}{f_{sw}}<<C1\cdot R2 ...
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I have a question about current flow in an unusual scenario. Suppose there are two completely isolated voltage sources, one at 50 V and another at 250 V, with no conductive connection between them. If ...
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I am a first year student of ECE. There was this experiment of basic electronics where we had to generate function through function gen. and read the properties of thee output signal through DSO. Func....
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Sorry in advance if I get the terms wrong here. And I have a potentially (no pun intended) simply stupid question here. In a MOSFET if I have 12 Volts on Source (the potential that drives the circuit ...
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I am finding the potential difference across the nodes \$2\$ and \$3\$ in the circuit below. For that, my instinct says no current flows in the \$4\$ volts with name "Battery". Then I ...
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I am looking at a circuit of my 'own' design: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab Assuming that R1C1>>1/fsw1 we get: When the switch is open: \$ I_{r1} = I_{c1}\...
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This circuit works excellently up to 3 transistors. Is it possible to bias the rest transistors so that the device would be able to measure in the range 0..Vcc? What is the math formula behind this ...
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I'm evaluating the following LED: L130-5080002011001. It is a 5000K LED with the following range of forward voltage (at 120 mA): min 2.85±0.1 V; ...
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The Schockley diode equation \$ I_{d} = I_{s}(e^{\frac{V_{d}}{nV_{t}}}-1) \$ describes the IV relationship of a diode for voltages above the reverse breakdown voltage, however it doesn't describe the ...
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I recently made this circuit for a personal project of mine. I wanted to calculate the voltage drop prior to printing the PCB, but I wasn't sure how so I just went with it. And sadly, the voltage ...
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I have been playing around to see if I could create a RC circuit which would never need recharging. A RC circuit (with the capacitor precharged and a RC constant of 1) has a response of \$Ke^{-t}\$. ...
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Suppose we have a long transmission line. The natural impedance is $$\sqrt{\frac{R'+j\omega L'}{Y'+j\omega C'} } $$ I was wondering if R' and Y' were not 0, there would be a set of solutions such as ...
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I have been reading about the Wikipedia article on negative resistance and in particular, I'm interested in this circuit (also linked at Wikipedia): I was wondering if we could convert this into DC ...
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This is the circuit and the question is to find the voltage \$U_{J1}\$, if \$R_1, J_2, R_2, E, R_3\$ are known. I solved it with four equations like this, but the end result isn't the same as in my ...
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Yesterday I asked a question here asking for help on inverting an input voltage (0-VCC V) around a fixed voltage. For my case, I had a 5V DC source and the fixed voltage is supposed to be 2.5V, ...
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I am currently learning about voltage mode and current mode control in switching buck converters. From what I understand, a voltage mode converter is typically considered a two-pole system, where the ...
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I have a 5V power supply and an input voltage that’s between 0V-5V. I need to create a circuit where, after feeding the input voltage X (X is between 0V-5V), the output voltage is 5-X (5 MINUS X) V. ...
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I’m wiring a Hamamatsu MPPC module C13852-1350GA (analog output) and I need the power pinout for the 6-pin header CN1. https://www.hamamatsu.com/content/dam/hamamatsu-photonics/sites/documents/...
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