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The process of encoding converts information from a source into symbols for communication or storage. Decoding is the reverse process, converting code symbols back into a form that the recipient understands.

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I'm from computer science background and was reading NRZ encoding/decoding in my networking book (by sir Larry L. Peterson) which left me halfway with just small summary. Digging little deeper online ...
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I’ve been told CEI IEC 60908 however I’m unsure if this is the right resource to understand Reed Solomon and how it is used with CDs. Does anyone know? I'm trying to find documentation on: The ...
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In the Viterbi algorithm (trellis state diagram,) I wonder why the number of inputs to each state is the same and equals the input alphabet size.
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I often build appliacations where a variety of information is exchanged on top of a protocol like UART, I2C, or CAN. For example: this could be a two-wheeled robot wherein the SBC and a slave ...
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We know that short cycles in Tanner Graph are detrimental in error performance. So, Why standardized 5G NR LDPC codes have 4-cycles? 3rd generation Partnership Project (3GPP) had announced Base Matrix ...
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EDIT AS ASKED: EM4095 Datasheet I use the read only configuration on a custom board. I am not using CLK/RDY as the bit rate is known, and reduces complexity (it doesn't offer much other than to ...
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3 bit data can be converted to 2 bit trit to increase the bandwidth efficiency. I don't know how did one come up with such mapping technique. Is there any derivation for this? Will this mapping scheme ...
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I was going through NRZ-I encoding technique, somebody mentioned that long stream of 0's will cause loss of synchronization in NRZ-I encoding scheme. But how? What I understand is the receiver should ...
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I am beginning to start with ethernet PHY. As per my understanding, digital signal will be transmitted and we apply encoding scheme to incorporate clock information into the data signal. Can't we just ...
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I am looking for a solution to encode the data from a MEMS microphone to AAC LC. I have a small microcontroller that is very low power but that lacks the RAM required for encoding so I am looking for ...
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Most servo motors out there are driven within 180° (at least hobby ones). There are more bulky and expensive servos out there as well. Since, I have tight space constraints, I am looking for a ...
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We have different digital encoding methods like Unipolar, Polar, Bipolar, Manchester. I was working with stm32f411re and I saw USART uses Unipolar NRZ. So how do we change this encoding methods? I ...
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I am trying to write a code that converts binary to thermometer code. Thermometer (a.k.a. unary) coding is frequently used in digital systems applications to represent a natural number. In a ...
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I am currently working on a project that involves understanding the encoding of MIPS assembly instructions and I am struggling with a question that I hope someone here can help me with. The question ...
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Things I have: I have an old type MIDI input device (Piano Keyboard Panel) which has a MIDI "OUT" port (female type jack) that has 5 holes. (and no USB port). it has a 9V power input (AC ...
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The statement given is Bi-phase Encoding The signal level is checked twice for every bit time, both initially and in the middle. Hence, the clock rate is double the data transfer rate and thus the ...
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Some background/research: for various reasons, many protocols use 8b/10b encoding, which encodes 8 bits of data in 10 bits of line code. However, doing so adds 25% overhead to the number of bits ...
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I've started doing some project that includes displaying entered digits via keypad phone in Proteus. I'll leave a screenshot below, so this post doesn't look undefined. You've probably seen this ...
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Suppose we have m data bits and n parity bits. In order for the Hamming code to function: $$m+n<2^n-1$$ If we have 3 parity bits we can have up to 4 data bits. But lets say we don't have 4 data ...
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NRZ codes share the property that voltage level is constant during a bit interval. High level voltage = bit 1 and Low level voltage = bit 0. A problem arises when there is a long sequence of 0s or 1s ...
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I am trying to implement a UWB ranging system using IEEE 802.15.4 standard data frame encoding, but the example I found only uses 16-bit addressing with a frame control byte of ...
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Today I wrote finals for the semester in the subject "Introduction to Telecommunications".1 question was like this: Suppose we have a star graph with 64 dots in it.That would mean we are ...
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My father and I recently dug out his old Commodore 64 from his basement and tried to revive it. Among other accessories, we also found his old Datasette drive, which is essentially a normal tape drive ...
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While computing Eb/No do I take data rate as the input to the FEC or do I take the data rate as the output from the FEC, i.e., with the overheads. Isn't the Eb/No implicit in the overall coding gain ...
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How does NRZ recover the clock? For example, Manchester coding is a self-time scheme, but we still need to have DLL or PLL for the recovery, it can be done without those CDR circuits? and back to NRZ, ...
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I am attempting to capture transmissions from my own energy monitor, a Watts Clever EW4009 for use with Home Assistant. I believe it is an FSK signal, with 250 um packets. I have captured several ...
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I have a question about 2b1q line code. Is there a modified 2b1q code with paired disparity option available? And if yes, which is the coding rule for a simple 2b1q and modified 2b1q code, plus the ...
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I have two questions that I would appreciate some help with. Comparing BPSK and DPSK I noticed that BPSK has lower BER. Why is this? Are there other advantages of using one over the other? In what ...
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Can someone explain bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) in plain language, focusing on the practical mechanisms and properties rather than the deep analytical details? I found a few papers and ...
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I have this RF encoder that I am trying to customize with an MCU. The remote control device uses an encoder called HS2260. I believe it is a clone of PT2262 device. I was able to get the waveform but ...
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I'd like to use this kind camera on a development board. I want to make an invention and I need to use this specific camera, but none of the development boards that exist (from Arduino to the more ...
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Data can be encoded by modulating the frequency, amplitude and phase. But I can't find any references for encoding data in the polarization of EM waves (either analog or digital). This is probably for ...
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In bipolar encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative. The voltage level for one data element is at zero, while the voltage level for the other element alternates between positive and ...
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For example, one of the computers use NRZ encoding, and the other one use manchester encoding. How should the communication be? Or what would be the result if we used a repeater? Is it possible ?
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I have a JAWBONE NERD DONGLE which is specifically connectable to Jawbone Icon. I'm trying to find a way to turn this into a normal dongle. I am not asking you to make the program; just please tell me ...
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"1" is a single low pulse of length T, followed by a single high pulse of length T "0" is a single low pulse of length 2T, followed by a single high pulse of length 2T This is similar to BFSK, except ...
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For background I am not an engineer, and reading about linear predictive coding, so this question may be very trivial. I am trying to understand what a textbook means by referring to something as an "...
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I'm involved in some reverse engineering of a device I need to interface with. With what little I know, and being able to capture a single data transmission, I think I've narrowed down the encoding ...
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I'm trying to do the following let's say bit extension in a generic way. First Considering B signal with an even number of bits (NBITS). here is an example: B = 10100011 Second, adding a zero bit ...
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I am trying to understand what is the meaning of this data coding format as shown in the following image. It is not simple binary to decimal conversion. Can anyone tell how this conversion formula ...
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I have a differential manchester encoded 0 to 5v data stream at 62500bps. What hardware do I need to get this into something I can work with, ie arduino, pi, etc? I have searched for chips/eval ...
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I was searching for Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted, but no references I couldn't find any reference about the first bit in NRZI. I know that, in NRZI, 1 refers to <...
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I have a 2D position sensor which returns the pressed locations on it. For example, a sensor that 8x8 sized returns 64 points. It can give up to 1000 frames per second. All data must be send to GUI ...
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I'm trying to understand a certain undocumented digital protocol. It looks similar to Miller or coded mark inversion (CMI) encoding. So far I managed to decode the encoded data and get the expected ...
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I cannot make sense of the difference between 'Instruction size' and 'Instruction encoding' specially about ARM and Thumb ISA's as explained here: Can we say that Instruction size is 32 bits but its ...
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One of the disadvantages of some line codes like NRZ-L or RZ is that if a sudden change in polarity occurs, then all received bits will be erroneous (flipped). How can such a sudden change in ...
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for an information word M with m bits that is coded as following: M is coded into a word A using an unknown code that allows detection of not more than one error. the code word is the word obtained by ...
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I have a question, why is rs485 limited to less than 100 meters at 10mpbs ( mbaud ) and is 100Base-TX ethernet applicable on 100 meters with 100 mbps bitrate i know that rs485 normally use a sort ...
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I am looking to start a new electronic project. For this project i will be learning to code a 7 segment 4 digit display, however i am not sure what chip to use or how to approach the start of this ...
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first some specifics: STM32F411 Nucleo board, Atollic TrueSTUDIO v9.1.0, Debian linux 9.6. I am sending a telemetry string over the UART using the HAL. I am using the following code to construct ...
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