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Ground or earth is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, or is a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.

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Am using Klein tools ET600 to check if there is any hidden short to ground (like nail touching any conductor) in any of the 8-conductors in a 60 feet HVAC cable running from indoor air-handler to ...
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As a beginner in electronics, I have tried to understand some of the basic language used in circuit structures. One such atomic element is the \$0\$ volt reference symbol (colloquially, though perhaps ...
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I am designing a buck converter for a lead acid battery with an output current of 135 A and voltage from 108 V to 142 V in different CC and CV stages. The input voltage is 165 V from a Vienna ...
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We are implementing an aeronautical system that's powered with a 28 VDC source and consumes around 20 W. There is an FPGA and many communication interfaces, such as CAN or RS485. We are a bit confused ...
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I am designing a simple dynamic electronic load (FET slammer) for testing the step load response of voltage regulators. My target voltage range is 0.6-12V and 1-5A load current. I will connect CH1 of ...
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I have this circuit diagram. I understand that the battery creates a potential difference which is the voltage and therefore causes current to flow through the circuit. However, I don't understand ...
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I have a robotic work cell which takes in 120VAC and runs off of a 24VDC power supply. There are a few DC devices in my system which come with a ground terminal (in addition to the + and - terminals). ...
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Previously my whole middle layer was designed as ground (top and bottom for signal and one of the middle for ground, another one of the middle is not used). However, a 4-layer PCB costs 6 times more ...
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I have a little brain teaser based on my experiences in building electrical systems. When investigating electrical distributions in building renovation projects, I would often take amp readings using ...
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I need help to design a circuit that will detect if one of several GND connections break. I am working on a PCB for an industrial application where I am designing an add-on module for an external ...
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My question is regarding the theory behind the difference in potential between two isolated circuits - both floating relative to earth. This is particularly relevant in HV applications, to prevent ...
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Car wiring specific question. I'm doing a wiring conversion on an older car using newer car's wiring loom and some of the logic is not identical. Need help solving two issues: I have a button that ...
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I have a simple LED indicator tower with 2 colors, at 12 V DC. They are green and red. The brown wire is a buzzer. They all have a common ground: I was trying to wire it up to an Arduino (2 separate ...
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This an extract of the rpi CM5 IO board: It provides lines for HDMI (yellow rectangles) and ethernet (green rectangle). These are differential pairs and this design makes me wonder: I supposed that ...
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I’m working on a PCB design for an audio compressor. I don’t have much prior experience with PCB layout, so I’d really appreciate any advice or feedback you might have. I’ve attached the layout of my ...
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I found an interesting question here about ground-to-neutral voltage not being zero volts in an inverter: Measuring voltage on an edison outlet in a hybrid vehicle I understand it could be made ...
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I'm working on my first PCB that integrates both an AC source (with protective earth/PE) and a DC ground plane (GND). This board is designed for high current (up to 10A), so good layout and grounding ...
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I'm designing a PCB for an audio preamplifier that combines vacuum tubes and op-amps. The design is split across two boards (top and bottom layers), and this is the current state of my ground (GND) ...
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I am using AD5941 for my measurements from different sensors.I will be making a breakout board such that in my board I will be providing pads for connecting the sensors and the output of AD5941 will ...
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I’m connecting two floating handheld devices, A and B, with a single cable that carries: A 6.78 MHz wireless-power RF link over an internal coax Multiple digital signal twisted pairs (each pair ...
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I have 3 AC/DC Power Supplies that allow an analog control input of 0-6 V to control ~60 V DC output in a linear fashion (e.g. 3 V for 30 VDC). I was able to control a single supply with an Arduino ...
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I'm designing a PCB with the ICM-42688-P IMU and just noticed that its GND pins (pins 10 and 11) are connected to a copper pour that is not electrically connected to the main GND net. The rest of the ...
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I'm implementing a high power converter on a PCB (8A/300W) and I'm unsure which power plane design is better. In this example, I'm unable to move the terminals or any components. Let's use this PCB ...
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I'm looking to get a medical-grade isolation transformer to eliminate ground loop issues in my PC/audio setup. I understand that this type of transformer provides galvanic isolation and features ...
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I am working on a project where I want to power an STM8L505J3 with either a 12V regulated to 3.3V through a voltage regulator or an ST-LINK (which also can give 3.3V power supply if the chip itself is ...
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Red marked trace is a 5V power rail on the bottom layer of PCB. On both sides of this 5V, is ground. The total board is 4 layers with the IC mounted on Top and having ground. L2 is ground. L3 is power....
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I'm working on a circuit that is primarily powered through a USB connector (5V and GND). The same system includes an I/O connector with two 12V trigger inputs and a GND reference. To prevent potential ...
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A full-wave bridge circuit from The Art of Electronics third edition: A dc power supply with the bridge circuit we just discussed looks as shown in Figure 1.62. In practice, you generally buy the ...
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I am designing a PCB for a high-power RGBW LED, such as the Cree XLamp XM-L or pin-compatible Prolight PBLA-15LTE. From Cree Datasheet Can I ground the thermal pad? Cree datasheet says "...
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In a car audio amplifier I noticed that there is a DC ground as well as AC ground. Why is it that the AC ground is taken from the torroidal transformer, is it not that the AC ground reference voltage ...
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I am designing a 24VDC industrial device meant to be used inside electrical cabinets. I have seen all the electrical parts inside of that cabinet (power supply, PLC) have a metal casing and they are ...
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I'm designing a simple ESC for a BLDC motor using the DRV8323RHRGZR gate driver to control 6 MOSFETs. I'm operating the DRV8323 in 6x PWM mode (hardware control), and I'm not using the current sense ...
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7 answers
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Look at the marked lines from the book " Fundamentals of Electric Circuits" by Alexander and Sadiku: My questions are: There are already three wires. What is meant by "modern wiring ...
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In this reference design schematic, the chassis ground is connected to digital ground using R22. A couple of questions on this. From referenced Microchip schematic What is the reason for having R22 ...
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Suppose in my PCB, due to ground bounce, the voltage on the reference plane of a PCB, for example, increases by, say 0.2 V. In the PCB stackup, the ground plane (or return plane) is typically a ...
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I have a schematic diagram of a laptop circuit board and I'm seeing that there are multiple ground connections distributed throughout the circuit. As I understand it, these are reference points, they ...
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Everybody, everywhere, says you need a signal ground for RS-485. Which I understand as Point C and C' in all the diagrams of the standard. Redrawn portion of EIA RS-485 fig 1. For example, Bob ...
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When laying out a simple op-amp stage with a positive (VCC) and negative (VEE) supply rail, what are the pros and cons of having the copper pour beneath the circuit be ground vs VEE? I would assume it'...
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I have been reading the lattice ice40hx docs on supplying power (specifically, I downloaded the hardware checklist on page 47) I am new to this, and so am sure ...
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In every AC plug, there is a "hot" wire and a "neutral" wire. What makes the former the dangerous wire and the neutral one the "0V"/safe one? There are some things ...
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4 answers
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I am working on a project that has an LN298N driver control 2 motors. I am using this video for the basics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1Fzil_VUq4&t=162s There is just one thing that confuses ...
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I'm using a DRV8871 motor driver to control with PWM a brushed DC motor at 26V, mounted on this shield. The setup is part of a larger system with multiple stepper (controlled via dedicated drivers) ...
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I'm currently designing some audio amplifier with mains-powered linear transformer supply. While working on my design, the idea hit my head and I suddenly created Ground Loop Breaker circuit. Here's ...
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For the avoidance of an X-Y problem, I'm trying to use the 0-10V outputs of a wall-powered device (A) to control a pair of proportional control valves (B1, B2), each powered by a shared 24V power ...
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The CONTROL IN signal on a Pioneer A50 amplifier is used to daisy-chain multiple Pioneer devices together, allowing them to be controlled by a single remote control. In essence, the signal from the IR ...
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I want to understand the "path" of the current. Am I right, the current goes into the ground, from the ground to the transformer where the neutral is grounded and the end, the circuit is ...
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I recently bought my first oscilloscope for my hobbyist work (RIGOL DHO804). This oscilloscope is powered through an external USB C power supply, meaning that the oscilloscope GND is isolated from ...
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Let's assume we have a board that has some I/O pins and some communication interfaces like RS232 and analog inputs (bottom board). Now we want to add some extra functionality and we choose to expand ...
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Eurorack synthesizer is quite a specific standard. centralized power supply unit, modules are connected to the backplane using IDC ribbons - that means parasitics, they are patched with external ...
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I’m wondering if I can use an unused ground terminal from another device. Is this way correct as in the drawing of my lighting setup?
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